Political Market Power Reflected in Milk Pricing Regulations

We investigate revealed political market power reflected in the pattern of price discrimination by end use that is the hallmark of U.S. milk marketing orders. We show that the pattern of prices that would maximize producer profits, if producers operated a cartel with monopoly power in a regional market, is far above actual government-set price differentials between milk used for fluid products and that used for manufactured products. The pattern of actual price differentials is consistent with political welfare weights for producers relative to consumers that are small compared to the weights that would yield maximum producer profits.     

The Inefficiencies of Regionalised Milk Quota Trade

This paper estimates the inefficiencies associated with the regionalisation of the milk quota trade. An optimisation model is developed to estimate the economic value of quota. Quota values are aggregated to derive quota sale and purchase curves under two scenarios: first, where quotas can be traded nationally and second, where the trade of quota is regionally restricted. Quota trade is simulated and the consequent effects on supplier structure estimated. Through the derivation of sectoral cumulative cost curves it is possible to estimate the impact of regionalising quota trade on sector efficiency. The model is solved using National Farm Survey data from Ireland and the inefficiencies of regionalised quota trade in Ireland are estimated at €27 million. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of restricted quota trade, especially in the context of eventual quota removal.     

调配型酸豆奶的研制及其稳定性影响因素的研究

本文通过大量反复的试验,讨论了调配型酸性豆乳饮料的生产工艺及其中的几个重要因素(酸豆奶饮料中的蛋白质浓度、pH值、搅拌速度、均质条件、调配顺序和杀菌条件等)对其稳定性的影响。     

How do political,individual and contextual factors affect school milk demand? Empirical evidence from primary schools in Germany

Despite the subsidies provided for school milk within the European School Milk Scheme, consumption has declined steadily in Germany. Thus, a federal research project was established to analyze factors that influence the demand for school milk. The results should form a basis to improve future school milk policy. To identify the factors affecting the decisions by individual pupils to order school milk and to quantify the impact of each factor, politically induced factors, individual and context factors were considered. Price effects and the associated policy issues were derived via a price experiment in selected German primary schools, while information on weekly orders for school milk was collected at the individual level. Detailed information on the eating habits, preferences and tastes, attitudes, socio-economic circumstances and characteristics of the persons involved was obtained by administering various surveys. The respondents examined in the study included pupils, the pupils’ parents, class teachers, school milk managers (primarily janitors) and school principals.To properly account for the hierarchical structure of the dataset (pupils within classes and schools along the different price steps of the experiment), a logistic multilevel analysis was applied based on 7336 pupils from 101 schools. The free-of-charge distribution of school milk had a high positive impact in the demand decision, confirming the importance of the policy setting (e.g., availability of subsidies). Although the price had an expected negative effect, its impact is limited. In addition to socio-economic factors (e.g., age, gender, immigration background and income of households), the behavior and attitudes of pupils and parents, as well as the context or environment surrounding the school milk offering (e.g., number of school milk products, whether teachers drink milk with the pupils during the break) had an impact.     

Milk yields,physico‐chemical properties and composition of milk from indigenous Malawi goats and their Saanen half‐breds

A study to compare milk yield, some physico‐chemical properties and the chemical composition of milk from 23 indigenous Malawi goats and 10 Malawi local × Saanen crosses was carried out from January to March 2000. The results showed that the average milk yield from the crosses (102.0 ± 11.21 kg) was higher (P < 0.01) than that from the indigenous goats (37.1 ± 4.79 kg). However, the pH and specific gravity of both milk samples did not differ significantly from each other. The latter was attributed to the fat and total solids contents, which did not differ significantly in the two milk samples. Although the crude protein content was not significantly different, lactose and minerals, namely calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium and chloride, were higher (P < 0.01) in milk from the crosses than in milk from the indigenous goat. The results have shown that the levels of nutrients in goat milk are high, and this is indicative of its potential to improve the diets of rural Malawians. Also, as smallholder farmers sell raw unheated milk to the processing plants, such milk should not be kept for> 33 h in the cool dry season and for not> 20 h in the hot dry season. Farmers can also adopt a charcoal cooler to save the milk for an even longer time than they can at room temperature. In this case, the raw milk can only be stored for not> 20 h in the cool dry season and not> 16 h in the hot dry season.     

我国乳业社会性规制现状及改革——阜阳奶粉事件的回顾与反思

从源头上说,食品安全问题真正引起人们关注是始于"阜阳奶粉事件"。尽管其过去多年,但从中反映出来的问题确是具有普遍意义的。在回顾与反思"阜阳奶粉事件"基础上,本文揭示了这一事件产生的根本原因就在于地方保护主义。针对于此,提出了解决这一问题的对策。     

天丝/牛奶纤维混纺纱的产品开发

通过对天丝、牛奶纤维的品质特性分析,制定了13.8tex混纺针织用纱的生产工艺,并着重强调了提高产品质量的技术措施。     

Consumer Acceptance of Camel Milk in Emerging Economy

Abstract

Camel is considered as an indispensable part of desert eco-framework across the globe. Apart from helping in transport, it is also used for its milk. Camel's milk is used worldwide because of its salty taste. However, it has many beneficial effects such as cure for autism and helps to control diabetes, allergy, and also prevents liver cirrhosis. Objective of this study is to analyze the ways to make people purchase and consume camel milk. In the last few years, awareness about nutritional and medicinal benefits of camel milk has rapidly increased. Consequently, the demand of the product has also increased. Objective of this article is to analyze the consumers’ willingness to buy camel milk before and after knowing its health benefits. It also explores the linkage between lifestyle diseases and consumer’s willingness to buy. We analyzed data in two stages. Initially, we did qualitative analysis with twitter text mining to understand customer’s sentiments about camel milk. Later, primary data was collected through structured questionnaire from a sample of 120 respondents by convenience sampling for quantitative analysis. There is a significant increase in the proportion of people willing to buy camel milk and once they were aware of the benefits, people are willing to buy more after knowing the benefits. People exposed to lifestyle diseases are more willing to buy camel milk. Hence, support of market-based awareness campaigns to stimulate demand for quality camel milk among consumers can be realized through information dissemination and awareness campaign.     

中国农户原料奶生产经济效率分析

本研究利用笔者对黑龙江、山西、内蒙古、四川、天津、北京6个省（自治区、直辖市）702户奶牛养殖户的调查数据，采用随机边界函数方法，分析了农户原料奶生产的技术效率、配置效率及其各自的影响因素。估计结果表明：样本农户平均技术效率为73．18％，平均配置效率达到84．04％。在各种影响技术效率、配置效率的因素中，扩大饲养规模可以提高农户奶牛生产的技术效率以及配置效率，养牛时间越久，对技术效率、配置效率提高越有利；在奶牛饲喂中适当增加青粗饲料投入、调整精粗饲料配比，以及对农户进行相关培训则可以提高技术效率；而受教育程度仅对配置效率产生正向影响。结果还表明，在城市郊区的养牛农户的技术效率、配置效率均明显低于其他地区农户；黑龙江农户技术效率在1％水平上明显高于其他省（自治区、直辖市）农户；四川养牛农户技术效率在10％水平下高于其他地区农户；而山西农户不仅技术效率在1％水平上明显低于样本中其他地区农户，而且配置效率在5％显著水平上也低于样本中其他省（自治区、直辖市）农户奶牛养殖配置效率。     

基于气相色谱顶空进样法测定杏仁露中氰化物的含量

目的:建立气相色谱顶空进样法测定杏仁露中氰化物含量,并采用此方法对市场销售的50批样品进行检测并评价。方法:摸索样品提取方法,优化气相色谱条件,以顶空进样器注入气相色谱仪进行分离,电子捕获检测器进行检测。以加标回收率为指标,对方法及前处理进行评价。结果:该方法在0.001~0.100 mg·L^-1范围内线性相关系数r为0.99581,精密度为3.7%,重复性RSD为2.2%,小于标准方法中对顶空进样要求的15%,加标回收率在93.3%以上,并且50批杏仁露中氰化物含量均符合规定。结论:该方法操作简单、灵敏度高,结果准确度高,能为食品监督管理部门检测人员提供参考依据。